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Cultural Geography

Outline of Chapter 5
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POPULATION GROWTH 

I. Introduction

A. Earth's population history
  • year intervals taken to add increments of one billion people
  • growing percentage of global population in Asia and Africa

B. The size, composition, and growth of populations affect the economic and environmental well-being of nations

C. Issues related to rapid population growth

  • food
  • housing
  • educaiton
  • health care
  • environmental problems of poor air and water qualtiy and soil erosion

D. Issues related to population decline

  • resources devoted to caring for the elderly

II. Dynamics of population:

A. P2 = P1 + B – D + I – O
  • P1 = population in time 1
  • P2 = population in time 2
  • B = births
  • D = deaths
  • I = in-migrants
  • O = out-migrants

B. Four demographic forces:

(1) births,
(2) deaths,
(3) immigration (people moving to a country), and
(4) emigration (people leaving a country):

C. The formula shows that births (B) and in-migration (I) add to the base population (P1), while deaths (D) and out-migration (O) subtract from it

III. Measures of population change

A. Crude birth rate – number of births per 1000 population

B. Crude death rate – number of deaths per 1000 population

C. Crude rate of natural increase – growth per 1000 population

D. Why are these rates "crude"?

  • because they do not account for the age structure of the population.

IV. Demographic transition model—a model of population change

A. Concept of equilibrium—Stages 1 and 4 are equilibrium conditions because there is no population growth or decline

B. Stages of the demographic transition

  • Stage 1: high birth and high death rates
  • Stage 2: high birth and declining death rates
  • Stage 3: declining birth and low death rates
  • Stage 4: low birth and low death rates

C. History of world’s population growth (Figure 5.4) After millions of years of extremely slow growth, the world’s population is now growing exponentially.

D. Countries that do not fit the model: negative growth

E. Applicability of the demographic transition to Third World populations

  • Different economic situations
  • No migration escape hatch for LDCs
  • LDC populations are larger, denser, faster-growing
  • Hidden momentum of young age-sex pyramids

V. Population Pyramids showing Ages Structutes of the Population of Countries

A. Explanation of:
  • Two-sided bar chart for males and females
  • Horizontal axis shows cohort size
  • Vertical axis shows age

B. Typical shapes

  • Population declining
  • Population stable
  • Population growing slowly
  • Population growing rapidly

C. Relationship between age-bearing cohorts and new birth cohort

D. Sample Population Pyramids (figure 5-5)

SELECT A COUNTRY AND BUILD POPULATION PYRAMIDS, GO TO: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbpyr.html

VI. Measures of fertility

A. Age-specific birth rate

B. Total fertility rate (When the total fertility rate is slightly above 2.0, a population experiences replacement fertility.)

C. Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Crude birth rate - Crude death rate = 0

VII. Demographic Momentum—tendency for a population to continue to grow long after replacement fertility has been achieved.

KNOW THIS - IT WILL BE ON THE EXAM AND IN THE CHAPTER ACTIVITIES!!

A. Occurs in an age structure with a large base and small top

B. Very few elderly at the top of pyramid are available to die

C. Many children who will soon be in peak reproductive ages

D. Compare the large number of children being born to the small number of elderly dying.

E. The hidden momentum issue is the focus of this chapter

VII. Case Study: India

A. Introduction to Population Issues in India
  • reached population of 1 billion in 2000
  • slow growth before WW II
  • modernization in post-WWII, increasing life expectancies, lower infant mortality rates
  • lagging drops in fertility, still in Stage 3 of the Demographic Transistion
  • impediments to further fertility decline:
    • low status of women,
    • preference for boys over girls
  • family planning programs

B. Indian emigrants

  • Commonwealth country laborers
  • Remittances and development
  • Destinations today: United States, Great Britain, Canada, and Australia

C. Implications of population growth in India

  • Supplies of freshwater are stretched to the limit
  • soil exhaustion and erosion
  • cultivating low-lying, hurricane-prone islands
  • overgrazing
  • protein consumption is 20 percent below nutritional needs
  • unable to provide social services and education
  • makeshift housing in squatter settlements
  • Yet, remarkable economic growth, large middle class, and leadership in the information economy

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